FOOTNOTES

1 Ron Tyler, ed., Posada's Mexico (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress and Fort Worth, Texas: Amon Carter Museum, 1979), 60.

2 Elizabeth Salas, Soldaderas in the Mexican Military (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1990), 89.

3 Records such as birth, death, and baptism certificates and marriage licences of the Posada family as well as a family tree and photographs of the places in which Posada lived and worked were published in Alejandro Topete del Valle, José Guadalupe Posada: Prócer de la Gráfica Popular Mexicana (Mexico City: Edición del Seminario de Cultura Mexicana, 1957).

4 Rafael Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving (Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1980), 7-30 and Julian Rothenstein, Jose Guadalupe Posada: Mexican popular prints (Boston: Shambala, 1993), 17-19.

5 Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 23.

6 Francisco Diaz de Leon, "Mexican Lithographic Tradition," in Mexican Art and Life 3 (July 1938), 4.

7 Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 23.

8 Enrique O. Aranda interviewed in 1962 by Rafael Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 23.

9 Jean Charlot, "José Guadalupe Posada: Printmaker to the Mexican People," Magazine of Art 38 (January 1945), 19.

10 Octavio Paz, born in 1914, received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990.

11 Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 25-29; Tyler, Posada's Mexico, 303. The dates are from Tyler's appendix of newspapers illustrated by Posada.

12 Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 29.

13 Ibid., 30; Tyler, Posada's Mexico, 303.

14 An excellent reference for Mexico's Day of the Dead is Elizabeth Carmichael and Chloe Sayer, The Skeleton at the Feast: The Day of the Dead in Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991). An interview with Arsacio Vanegas Arroyo, grandson of Posada's publisher, is found on pp. 124-130.

15 Jean Charlot, "Posada's Dance of Death," reprinted in Rothenstein, ed., J.G. Posada, Messenger of Mortality (Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell, 1989), 178.

16 Rothenstein, Messenger of Mortality, 12-13.

17 Rafael Carrillo assigns dates for the senior Manilla as "1830-1890?" and Joyce Waddell Bailey wrote that he died after June 14, 1897. Jean Charlot stated that Manilla died of typhoid in 1895. Confusion may also be due to the fact that there were two Manuel Manillas. Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 68; Joyce Waddell Bailey, "The Penny Press," in Ron Tyler, ed., Posada's Mexico, 111; Jean Charlot, "Manuel Manilla, grabador mexicano," in Espacios 9 (1952).

18 Tyler, Posada's Mexico, 31, 297.

19 Ibid., 297.

20 See figures 8 and 9 in Tyler, Posada's Mexico, 149.

21 Ibid., 193.

22 Thomas Gretton, "Posada's Prints as Photomechanical Artefacts," Print Quarterly IX (December 1992), 336.

23 Hannes Jahn, The Works of José Guadalupe Posada (Frankfurt: Zweitausendeins, 1976); Diego Rivera, "José Guadalupe Posada," reprinted in Rothenstein, ed., J.G. Posada, Messenger of Mortality, 186; Roberto Berdecio and Stanley Appelbaum, Posada's Popular Mexican Prints (New York: Dover, 1972), v.

24 Jean Charlot, "José Guadalupe Posada and his Successors," in Ron Tyler, ed., Posada's Mexico, 29.

25 Anita Brenner, Idols Behind Altars, (New York: Biblio and Tannen, 1928), 188-189.

26 In Carrillo, Posada and Mexican Engraving, 29.

27 For example, Thomas Gretton referred to one of Jean Charlot's descriptions as "a figment of Charlot's imagination," said that accounts given by the Vanegas Arroyo family "are riven with inconsistencies and absurdities," and said that "Orozco may not have correctly remembered what he may very well have seen" in "Posada's Prints as Photomechanical Artefacts" Print Quarterly IX (December 1992), 338.

28 Don Blas Vanegas Arroyo interviewed in by Anita Brenner in Idols Behind Altars, 189.

29 Jean Charlot. "Jose Guadalupe Posada, Printmaker to the Mexican People," Magazine of Art 38 (January 1945), 16-21; Jean Charlot, "Un precursor del movimiento de Arte Mexicano" Revista de revistas (August 1925).

30 Brenner, Idols Behind Altars, 197.

31 Jose Clemente Orozco, An Autobiography, trans. Robert C. Stephenson (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962), 8.

32 Judith Keller, El Taller de Grafica Popular (Austin, Texas: Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery, 1985), 16; Charlot, "Posada's Dance of Death," 182.

33 Charlot, Printmaker to the Mexican People, 177.

34 Rothenstein, Messenger of Mortality, 172.

35 Waldo Rasmussen, ed., Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century (New York: Abrams, 1993), 112.

35 A more complete list of Posada collections is listed in an appendix to Tyler, Posada's Mexico, 304-305.